7,8과 어법

Lesson 7, How the Mind Works

The Evolving Brain

There (is/are) still much to be learned(:무슨 용법?                ) about the human brain. Around the world, researchers are working hard to understand(:무슨 용법?                ) this amazing organ better. one type of research involves mapping the brain as(:의미는?                ) it develops, to see how it changes(:이 절의 역할은?                ) (해마다, 매년:2가지 표현                                    ). Some teenagers, now approaching adulthood(:분사구문의 생략된 부분을 쓰시오.                            ), have been studied for many years. Karl is one such teenager. He has been (참여하다:3가지 표현                                  ) Dr. Burke's brain development study since he was a baby. Today he is at the hospital, looking at(:절로 고치시오.                       ) the results of the yearly mapping of his brain. He and Dr. Burke are like old friends now.

Dr. Burke Well, Karl, as usual you did a great job staying still while I scanned your brain. Please come into my office.

Karl Are those my images?

Dr. Burke Some of them, yes. I took a total of 420 pictures, each showing a slice of your brain about as thick as a dime.

Karl Do they show anything unusual this time?

Dr. Burke No, no. Everything is OK. take/ It'll/ time/ to analyze/ some:(순서배열하고 해석:                                                     )  them, of course, but everything seems to be just the way it should be.

Karl What about the other tests?

Dr. Burke You did great. (놀랍지는 않지만:                        ), you did better on judging emotions than a year ago.

Karl Why did you expect that?

Dr. Burke Well, you're getting older. When I showed you the pictures and asked you (identify/to identify) the emotions on the people's faces, you used your frontal lobe more.

Karl My frontal lobe?

Dr. Burke Yes, that's the part of the brain (~와 관련된:                ) planning and judgment. When you were younger, you used your amygdala * more. That's the part in the temporal lobe connected with emotional and gut reactions. When you used that part, you tended to make mistakes. In particular, you sometimes confused fear with anger or sadness; sometimes you thought a scared person was angry or sad instead.

Karl Is that why I (am used/used) to get angry so easily, but now I'm calmer?

Dr. Burke Probably. You probably thought people were angry at you, and so you reacted angrily.

Karl Wow. How else does my brain development show up in my behavior?

Dr. Burke Well, I guess you like exciting things. Is that right?

Karl Yes. I love skateboarding and loud music. Anything exciting!

Dr. Burke I notice you have a cut on your leg. How did you get it?

Karl I got it a few days ago while I was skateboarding. A couple of girls were passing by and I wanted to show off, so I tried to jump over a large box with my skateboard. Bad idea!

Dr. Burke That's your frontal lobe at work － or rather, not at work － again. You see, as a teenager, you have very active hormones in your brain's emotional center, the limbic system. This makes you want excitement. The only problem is that the part of your brain which (put/puts) the brakes on risky behaviors, the frontal lobe, is still developing.

Karl Wow, I didn't know so much of my behavior was controlled by my brain.

Dr. Burke (              ) controlled, (                    ) influenced. That's probably a better word.

Karl Can my brain explain why I'm so lazy? My mom always says I'm lazy these days!

Dr. Burke Are you really lazy? Think about it. Maybe you're just unmotivated.

Karl Yeah, maybe. My parents say that I have to study harder to get ready(:무슨 용법?             ) for college. But I want to have fun now! I don't feel motivated to deal with college yet!

Dr. Burke Sometimes it's hard for you to look for long－term rewards. Your brain is more (~쪽으로 맞춰진:                     ) immediate rewards right now. It's easier to study if there (will be/is) a test the next day, right?

Karl Sure.

Dr. Burke And, Karl, let me make a guess about one more thing: you hate mornings, right?

Karl How did you know? I'd sleep until noon if I could!

Dr. Burke Well, as a teenager, your pineal gland, which is at the base of your brain, functions a little differently from that of a young child's or at adult's. It produces a hormone called melatonin, which signals the body that it's time to sleep. Melatonin stays at lower levels late into the night for a teenager, even if you do calm activities or it's dark outside. Basically, your brain programs your body to start the night later than young children or adults do.

Karl This is really interesting. I wonder what next year's pictures will show.

Dr. Burke As time goes on, your brain will become more and more like an (adult's/adult). Still, it'll be many years before you can make mature decisions easily.

Karl But I'm 17, nearly an adult.

Dr. Burke That's true legally, but in terms of brain development, you won't be an adult (              ) you're about 25. Karl leaves Dr. Burke's office a short time later, wondering how his brain will change over the next year. As he thinks about his plans to skateboard with his friends later in the evening, he wonders   (             ) their late－night activity has something to do with their age. When they get older, will they skateboard earlier in the day? Will they be more careful? Karl (...에 놀라다:              ) the influence his growing brain has on his daily decisions.

Lesson 8, Living Without Limits

My Decision to Be Different

This is an (자전적인:                  ) story of a woman who was trying to be different during the 1960s.

This was a time of change in America, (                                    :3가지 표현을 쓰시오.) people began to question authority more often and dressed differently from their parents. one large group, called the "hippies," believed they could change the world through peace and explored a lot of new ideas and styles. Her story is one of a person caught in the middle, who had to decide (                     :2가지) she should just be like everyone else or express her own individual ideas.

I grew up in Chelsea, New York, a mixed working－class neighborhood. I hung out with people from other parts of the city, too. It was the hippie (시대:            ). I was wearing bell－bottom jeans, had long hair, and often painted my face. Like many of my generation, I had to choose whether to follow(:절로 바꾸시오.                                ) the old style or the new style, and I chose the new.

My appearance led to all kinds of commentary from friends, family, and schoolmates. I didn't wear typical clothes, and I didn't choose my friends from just a small group of people. Those around me questioned the way I looked and who I (                  :어울리다). Those kinds of judgments used to bother me a lot. I didn't understand why my preferences in style and people should be questioned; the critics were actually people I liked, so the pressure to conform(:무슨 용법?                ) was strong.

I remember one night I was getting ready to go to the movies with a friend from my neighborhood. I was dressed in torn overalls and a tie－dyed shirt. Of course, I had my long hair. My friend looked, well ... normal. My friend (...을 흘끗 보다:                       ) me and said, "I don't want to go anywhere, with you (looking/to look) like that. You should change your clothes."

"What?" I said.

"Change your clothes," she said. I didn't like that. So I said, "You change."

Then she said, "If you're going to go looking like that, then you're not going

with me."

"Okay," I said.

And she left.

I looked at my mother, who happened to be standing there when the discussion began. She said, "Well, you can change your clothes and go ahead and be like everybody else. But if it's not what you want and you're strong enough to take(:절로 바꾸시오.                          ) other people's criticism, then stand by your beliefs. You need to know, however, that criticism is (당연한 결과:               ). It's not ever going to be easy because being different never is."

That was a shock to me. I understood then that people were (반드시 ~인 것은 아니다:                          ) going to encourage or even support me. However, I didn't want to be limited by other people's ideas. (~할 때마다:2가지                              ) my friends said, "You have to go change," I faced a dilemma: if I change for you this time, how many times am I going to have to change in the future? I guess what my mom realized was that, in saying "no," I might be opening myself up to a lot more of these kinds of conversations in the future.

People often make judgments about others by what is on the outside － what they're wearing or how they look. They seldom try to understand the person inside. If you want to be an individual, you have to be tough enough to take the criticism. My friend's comment was the first instance (             ) I had to face the challenge directly. My mother's words assured me that I wasn't be making a mistake by refusing to change, but she was also warning me of the tough road ahead if I refused to conform. Expecting difficulties made them easier to deal with.

This issue of (순응, 일치:             ) has (관통하다:                  ) my whole life. Nobody looked like me when I became famous. Nobody wore dreadlocks. Now lots of folks do. People (used to/would) say, "Why doesn't she wear high heels to these parties instead of yellow－and－red sneakers? Why doesn't she wear dresses? Why isn't she changing? Why isn't she like us?"

(결국, 마침내:4가지                                        ), the (바로 그:           ) thing that brought people to me was that I wasn't like everybody else.

I decided to be different all the way. Even the name I chose made me unique. I called myself "Whoopi" because of its comical sound. Then I added a traditionally Jewish last name to make it sound more serious, (                 ) I'm not Jewish.

You have to believe in yourself in spite of what other people expect of you. Self－confidence is what brought me through everything in my life. That wisdom came from my mom. It's tough to remain an individual when we're all asked to be sheep and follow the crowd . But the world needs more than sheep; it needs leaders, too.